8 Student Debt Cancellation Report 2018
remains fundamentally Keynesian. In addition to two models
with distinct foundational assumptions, we also implemented
two alternative assumptions about the Federal Reserve’s inter-
est rate response to the debt cancellation stimulus. The use of
models with contrasting long-run theoretical foundations and
alternative scenarios demonstrates the robustness of the results
in this report, and also allows us to present a plausible range for
each of the estimated effects of a federally financed student debt
cancellation.
A program to cancel student debt executed in 2017 results
in an increase in real GDP, a decrease in the average unemploy-
ment rate, and little to no inflationary pressure over the 10-year
horizon of our simulations, while interest rates increase only
modestly. Our results show that the positive feedback effects of
student debt cancellation could add on average between $86 bil-
lion and $108 billion per year to the economy. Associated with
this new economic activity, job creation rises and the unem-
ployment rate declines.
The macroeconomic models used in these simulations
assume an essentially mechanical Federal Reserve response to
lower unemployment. Suppressing this response—in other
words, assuming the Fed does not raise its interest rate target—
provides an upper bound for the range of possible outcomes
associated with more nuanced central bank policy. In fact, both
models forecast little to no additional inflation resulting from
the cancellation of student debt. In the Fair model, inflation
peaks at an additional 0.3 percent and turns negative after 2020,
meaning that debt cancellation reduces inflation in later years.
In the Moody’s model, the inflationary effects are never higher
than 0.09 percent throughout the period. These forecasts sug-
gest that there is room for flexibility in the assumptions made
about Federal Reserve tactics as a response to debt cancellation.
Since even the largest effect on inflation in a single year is of
little macroeconomic significance, it is arguable that the Fed
would not react to the student debt cancellation program by
raising its target interest rate.
Student debt cancellation is a large-scale program in which
the government must repay privately held loans and forego
interest rate payments on the loan portfolio of the Department
of Education. It is reasonable to expect such a program to add to
the federal government’s budget deficit, absent extraordinarily
strong feedback effects from the program’s macroeconomic
stimulus. Our simulations show that student debt cancella-
tion raises the federal budget deficit moderately. The average
impacts on the federal deficit in the simulations are between
0.65 and 0.75 percent of GDP per year. However, the more rel-
evant figures for the annual impact on the federal deficit fall in a
range between 0.29 and 0.37 percent of GDP—this accounts for
the fact that, for the Department of Education loans, only debt
service on the securities originally issued will add to current
deficits and the national debt. The simulations, by their nature,
assume the full costs of the foregone principal and interest on
the Department of Education loans are incurred in the cancella-
tion. In Section 3 and Appendix B, we explain the reasons for this
assumption embedded in the simulations (which generates esti-
mates of budget impacts relative to a no-cancellation baseline
scenario) and how the lower, more relevant figures (estimates
of budget impacts relative to current deficit and debt levels) are
arrived at. Only the Fair model enables forecasts of state-level
budget positions, and we find improvements in states’ budget
positions as a result of the stimulus effects of the debt cancella-
tion. These improvements will reduce the need for states to raise
taxes or cut spending in the event of future recessions.
It is important to note that the macroeconomic models
used in this report cannot capture all of the positive socioeco-
nomic effects associated with cancelling student loan debt. New
research from academics and experts has demonstrated the
relationships between student debt and business formation, col-
lege completion, household formation, and credit scores. These
correlations suggest that student debt cancellation could gener-
ate substantial stimulus effects in addition to those that emerge
from our simulations, while improving the financial positions
of households.
Our analysis proceeds in three sections. Section 1, “The
Economic Opportunity of Student Debt Cancellation,” explores
the US context of student borrowing, including reductions in
public investment in higher education and the rising cost of
a college degree, the social costs of rising debt, and the distri-
butional implications of debt and debt cancellation. Section
2, “The Mechanics of Student Debt Cancellation,” explains
the instruments of debt relief, whether enacted by the fed-
eral government or its central bank (the Federal Reserve), and
demonstrates the balance sheet effects of debt cancellation on
the government, the Federal Reserve, banks, borrowers, and
private lenders. Finally, Section 3, “Simulating Student Debt
Cancellation,” measures the effects of the program on key mac-
roeconomic variables using simulations in two models—the
Fair model and Moody’s model—under alternative assump-
tions, and examines the costs and benefits of student debt relief
that are omitted from the models.